TREND-14 · Trend Following

Linear Regression Channel

Fits a rolling linear regression to recent prices and trades breakouts beyond a standard deviation channel. Exits when price mean-reverts to the regression line.

TrendBreakout

At a glance

Best onSmooth trending markets
Signal frequencyDaily
Typical holding periodDays
Asset classesIndex, Commodity, FX
Markets tested10
Data through2026-11-10

What the backtest shows

  • Beat buy-and-hold on 2 of 10 markets by annual return over 5 years.
  • Had a smaller maximum drawdown than buy-and-hold on 6 of 10 markets.
  • Best market by Sharpe ratio: ETH-USD (Sharpe 0.25, CAGR 2.5%).
  • Weakest market: DBC (Sharpe -0.64, CAGR -10.5%).

Equity curve

0.182.534.877.229.57 201020122014201620182020202220242026
Linear Regression Channel Buy & hold · SPY, 2010-01-04 → 2026-11-10, growth of 1

Score and risk profile

Arena Score: 9.0SPY, 5 years
Return quality · 30%2
Drawdown control · 25%2
Consistency · 20%19
Robustness · 15%5
Significance · 10%36

Each bar is a percentile against every strategy on the same market and window (100 = best).

How it held up in sell-offs (SPY)

PeriodStrategyBuy & hold
Q4 2018 sell-off+5.3%-19.2%
COVID crash (Feb–Mar 2020)+33.9%-33.7%
2022 bear market+3.9%-24.5%
Market above its 200-day average (annualized) · 81%-2.4%+12.5%
Market below its 200-day average (annualized) · 19%-3.6%+19.8%

Sell-off dates follow the US stock market. Above/below the 200-day average uses the previous day's position, so there is no look-ahead.

Out-of-sample check (SPY)

CheckValue
Chosen parameters on their 3-year training windows (average Sharpe)-0.03
Same parameters in the following 6 months, when traded (Sharpe)-0.07
Default parameters over the same months (Sharpe)-0.10
Parameter re-selections / changes28 / 12
Parameter settings with a positive Sharpe (full history)0 of 9
Sharpe across settings: worst / median / best-0.37 / -0.19 / -0.10

Out-of-sample periods start on 2013-01-04. Training-window figures are flattered by picking the best of 9 settings; the out-of-sample figure is what the strategy actually earned. A large drop, or a result that depends on one setting, points to overfitting. How walk-forward testing works.

Results by market (5 years)

MarketCAGRBuy & hold CAGRSharpeMax drawdownBuy & hold max DDVolatilityArena Score
ETH-USDEthereum2.5%-15.1%0.25-66.3%-79.0%42.5%70
SLViShares Silver Trust1.9%15.2%0.23-41.3%-57.8%31.6%41
BTC-USDBitcoin1.8%2.6%0.21-43.5%-75.9%34.6%56
UNGUnited States Natural Gas-9.5%-30.7%0.05-66.1%-93.3%49.2%69
GLDSPDR Gold Shares-1.1%16.4%0.01-23.9%-28.3%14.1%11
SPYSPDR S&P 500-3.0%11.6%-0.17-32.8%-24.5%13.3%9
USOUnited States Oil Fund-9.4%20.2%-0.19-64.0%-36.2%28.3%16
EURUSD=XEUR/USD-1.8%-0.7%-0.27-15.4%-17.2%5.9%30
DBAInvesco DB Agriculture-3.7%8.8%-0.28-23.0%-15.9%11.2%13
DBCInvesco DB Commodity Index-10.5%10.8%-0.64-60.6%-27.3%15.3%6

Strategy metrics use daily returns without trading costs. Buy-and-hold figures are for the same market and window. Rows are sorted by Sharpe ratio.

SPY across time windows

WindowTotal returnCAGRSharpeSortinoMax DDWin daysTrades
1 year-3.3%-3.3%-0.36-0.45-11.4%22%28
3 years-22.9%-8.3%-0.64-0.51-32.8%21%64
5 years-14.0%-3.0%-0.17-0.17-32.8%25%109
Full history-36.6%-2.7%-0.13-0.13-46.0%25%355

Rules

Entry

Go long when price > upper channel
Go short when price < lower channel

Exit

Close long when price < regression line
Close short when price > regression line

Indicators

Regression line
Upper/Lower channel

Inputs

Period = 50
Std_Dev = 2.0

Position sizing

Fixed 100% allocation

Risk controls

Channel width adapts to volatility

Strategy evidence

Only available, validated bundles appear below. Missing evidence is not a passing validation result.

Evidence coverage

10 / 10 declared strategy–market pairs validated

Notes

  • Needs enough data for stable regression
  • Choppy markets can whipsaw

Related strategies

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Backtests are historical simulations on daily data and do not include commissions or slippage. They do not guarantee future results and are not investment advice. See the methodology for how every strategy is tested.

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